Opening Paragraph:
Soil classification and composition are vital to understanding how different soil types function within ecosystems. In IB Environmental Systems and Societies (ESS) Topic 5.1, we explore the structure of soil horizons (O, A, B, and C layers), factors influencing soil formation, and the physical and chemical properties of soils. From particle size differences in sandy, silty, and clay soils to carbon emissions from soil systems, this presentation provides a comprehensive look at how soil supports plant growth, nutrient cycling, and sustainable land management. Mastering these concepts is key to making informed environmental decisions.